Abstract
Cell signaling pathways are essential for regulating cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, metabolism, and response to external stimuli. Proteins play a crucial role in transmitting and modulating these signals within cells. This article explores the mechanisms by which proteins participate in cell signaling, focusing on key signaling pathways such as the MAPK/ERK pathway, PI3K/Akt pathway, and Notch signaling. It discusses the roles of receptors, kinases, phosphatases, and transcription factors in signal transduction. Additionally, the article examines the implications of protein dysregulation in disease pathogenesis, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders.
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