Abstract
Energy harvesting embedded systems have emerged as a critical solution for battery-less and self-sustaining electronics in the era of IoT and pervasive sensing. These systems rely on ultra-low-power design principles integrated into VLSI (Very-Large-Scale Integration) architectures to capture, manage, and utilize environmental energy sources such as solar, vibration, thermal, or RF energy. This paper presents a detailed exploration of VLSI design strategies enabling energy-efficient computation and power management. Techniques such as sub-threshold logic, dynamic voltage scaling, non-volatile memory integration, and energy-aware clock gating are discussed with relevance to real-world energy harvesting scenarios. The paper aims to guide researchers and engineers toward designing resilient and autonomous embedded platforms powered by ambient energy.
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