Abstract
Nanomaterials have emerged as transformative agents in advancing water purification technologies due to their high surface area, reactivity, and tunable physicochemical properties. This article explores the application of nanomaterials—such as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, metal oxide nanoparticles, and nano-membranes—in water treatment processes including adsorption, photocatalysis, and membrane filtration. The integration of nanomaterials addresses critical challenges in removing heavy metals, pathogens, and organic pollutants, offering solutions for sustainable and efficient water treatment. Despite promising laboratory-scale outcomes, challenges related to scalability, environmental impact, and regulatory frameworks remain. Continued interdisciplinary collaboration is essential to harness the full potential of nanotechnology in achieving global water security.
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