Abstract
The rapid expansion of electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, and portable electronics necessitates breakthroughs in energy storage technologies. Conventional lithium-ion batteries and standard supercapacitors face limitations in energy density, charge time, and cycle life. This article explores cutting-edge materials—such as graphene, MXenes, transition metal oxides, and solid electrolytes—enabling next-generation batteries and supercapacitors. Emphasis is placed on nanostructuring, hybrid composite design, and sustainable alternatives, with a multidisciplinary view of materials engineering, electrochemistry, and nanotechnology. These innovations present promising pathways toward safer, faster, and more sustainable energy storage devices.
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