Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials—including graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and carbon nanofibers—have emerged as key enablers of next-generation battery technologies due to their unique combination of electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and surface area. These materials significantly enhance the electrochemical performance of electrodes by improving charge transport kinetics, facilitating ion diffusion, and providing structural stability during cycling. This article reviews the synthesis strategies, structural properties, and performance benefits of carbon nanomaterials in lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and lithium–sulfur batteries. Current limitations such as agglomeration, scalability, and cost are discussed, along with future research directions focused on hybrid nanostructures and sustainable production.
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