Abstract
Nanostructured coatings have emerged as transformative materials in enhancing wear resistance across a range of industrial and biomedical applications. These coatings, characterized by nanoscale grain sizes and engineered interfaces, provide exceptional hardness, toughness, and low friction coefficients. This article reviews recent developments in the synthesis, characterization, and tribological performance of nanostructured coatings such as nanocomposites, multilayers, and doped thin films. Advances in physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques have enabled precise control over coating architecture and microstructure, directly improving wear behavior. The paper also explores fundamental wear mechanisms, including abrasive, adhesive, and fatigue wear, as well as the role of grain boundaries and interface engineering in mitigating degradation. Finally, challenges and future directions in scaling up, cost-effectiveness, and multi-functionality of nanostructured coatings are discussed.
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