Abstract
Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are a class of functional materials that exhibit the remarkable ability to return to a pre-defined shape upon exposure to a specific thermal or mechanical stimulus. This behavior, driven by a reversible martensitic transformation, allows SMAs to perform mechanical work and adapt dynamically to environmental changes. This article discusses the fundamental properties of SMAs, including shape memory effect, superelasticity, and hysteresis behavior. The influence of alloy composition, particularly in Ni-Ti, Cu-based, and Fe-based systems, on functional performance is explored. Applications are reviewed in sectors such as biomedical engineering, aerospace, robotics, and civil infrastructure. Finally, we outline the future directions for SMA development, including miniaturization, multifunctional integration, and additive manufacturing.
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