The Relationship Between Myasthenia Gravis and Thymoma and Advanced Treatment Methods

Abstract

Thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis (TAMG) is a complex autoimmune disease whose pathogenesis involves the production of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies induced by the abnormal thymoma immune microenvironment, leading to neuromuscular junction dysfunction. This article reviews the immunological role, pathological features, and epidemiological characteristics of thymoma in TAMG. We analyze the clinical manifestations, classification, and diagnostic methods of TAMG, explore the challenges of differential diagnosis, and systematically review the therapeutic applications and efficacy of thymectomy, novel immunosuppressive therapies, and biologic agents (such as rituximab and eculizumab). Studies have shown that thymectomy significantly improves TAMG symptoms, and novel therapies targeting B cells and the complement system offer new options for refractory cases. Future research is needed to optimize combination therapy strategies and strengthen long-term efficacy and safety studies to enhance patient quality of life and improve prognosis.