Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants are a diverse class of pharmacological agents that enhance neurotransmitter activity to improve alertness, attention, and energy. These drugs play a pivotal role in the treatment of disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and certain cases of depression. Recent research has shed light on novel mechanisms of action, receptor targeting, and long-term neuroadaptive changes induced by these agents. This article reviews new insights into the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic applications, and safety considerations of CNS stimulants.
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